Sonoeyes Blog

Both the Non-Stress Test (NST) and the Biophysical Profile (BPP) are fetal surveillanc e tests used in pregnancy to assess fetal well-being, especially in high-risk pregnancies. However, they differ in their components, method of assessment, and diagnostic value . 1. Non-Stress Test (NST) Definition The NST is a non-invasive test that monitors the fetal heart rate (FHR) in response to fetal movements. It helps assess oxygenation and autonomic nervous system function without inducing contractions. Components Fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern: Measured via an external Doppler transducer. Fetal movement: Mother reports fetal kicks during monitoring. Reactivity: A normal fetus should show acceleration of heart rate with movement. Interpretation Reactive NST (Normal): At least 2 accelerations of FHR (≥15 bpm above baseline lasting ≥15 sec) within 20 minutes. Indicates adequate oxygenation and neurological function. Non-Reactive NST (Abnormal): No significant FHR accelerations in 40 minut...

Fetal movements are a cherished aspect of pregnancy, offering expectant parents reassurance of their baby's vitality. While variations in activity are normal, distinguishing between typical movements and potential signs of concern is crucial. When Increased Fetal Movement Is a Positive Sign Regular fetal activity indicates a healthy, responsive nervous system and adequate oxygenation. Variations in movement patterns are common, and an active fetus often signifies well-being. When to Be Cautious About Fetal Hyperactivity Sudden, intense bursts of fetal activity, especially if followed by decreased movement, may signal distress. Such patterns can be associated with complications like umbilical cord issues or placental insufficiency. A study highlighted that fetal hyperactivity, along with the presence of hyperechoic particles in amniotic fluid, could be indicative of fetal distress.  Clinical and Sonographic Assessments If unusual fetal activity is observed, healthcare provi...

Fetal biometry plays a crucial role in estimating gestational age (GA) and monitoring fetal growth. Traditionally, parameters like biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), and abdominal circumference (AC) have been widely used. However, transcerebellar diameter (TCD) is emerging as a more reliable marker , especially in cases of abnormal growth patterns. But is TCD truly superior for fetal dating? Let’s explore the science behind it. Why TCD is a Reliable Marker for Gestational Age TCD measures the width of the cerebellum in the posterior fossa of the fetal brain. Studies have shown that cerebellar growth follows a linear pattern throughout pregnancy, making it a consistent and reliable marker for dating pregnancies. Key Advantages of TCD for Gestational Age Estimation 1. Less Affected by Fetal Growth Abnormalities Traditional measurements like AC and FL can be significantly affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), skeletal dysplasias, or macro...

Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma (PCMC) is an exceptionally rare malignant tumor originating from the skin's sweat glands. First identified by Lennox et al. in 1952, PCMC has seen approximately 215 documented cases in medical literature since then. Epidemiology and Demographics PCMC predominantly affects individuals between the ages of 50 and 70, with a slight male predominance. The tumor most commonly arises in the head and neck region, particularly the eyelids, accounting for about 41% of cases. Other affected areas include the scalp (17%), face (14%), axilla (9%), chest and abdomen (7%), vulva (4%), neck (2%), extremities (2%), canthus (2%), groin (1%), and ear (1%). Geographically, PCMC has a higher prevalence among white individuals (77.2%) compared to Asians (12.7%) and African Americans (10.1%). However, a population-based study analyzing data from 1972 to 2013 identified 411 cases of PCMC, suggesting that the incidence may be higher than previously recognized. ...