Sonoeyes Blog

Both the Non-Stress Test (NST) and the Biophysical Profile (BPP) are fetal surveillanc e tests used in pregnancy to assess fetal well-being, especially in high-risk pregnancies. However, they differ in their components, method of assessment, and diagnostic value . 1. Non-Stress Test (NST) Definition The NST is a non-invasive test that monitors the fetal heart rate (FHR) in response to fetal movements. It helps assess oxygenation and autonomic nervous system function without inducing contractions. Components Fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern: Measured via an external Doppler transducer. Fetal movement: Mother reports fetal kicks during monitoring. Reactivity: A normal fetus should show acceleration of heart rate with movement. Interpretation Reactive NST (Normal): At least 2 accelerations of FHR (≥15 bpm above baseline lasting ≥15 sec) within 20 minutes. Indicates adequate oxygenation and neurological function. Non-Reactive NST (Abnormal): No significant FHR accelerations in 40 minut...

Fetal movements are a cherished aspect of pregnancy, offering expectant parents reassurance of their baby's vitality. While variations in activity are normal, distinguishing between typical movements and potential signs of concern is crucial. When Increased Fetal Movement Is a Positive Sign Regular fetal activity indicates a healthy, responsive nervous system and adequate oxygenation. Variations in movement patterns are common, and an active fetus often signifies well-being. When to Be Cautious About Fetal Hyperactivity Sudden, intense bursts of fetal activity, especially if followed by decreased movement, may signal distress. Such patterns can be associated with complications like umbilical cord issues or placental insufficiency. A study highlighted that fetal hyperactivity, along with the presence of hyperechoic particles in amniotic fluid, could be indicative of fetal distress.  Clinical and Sonographic Assessments If unusual fetal activity is observed, healthcare provi...

Fetal biometry plays a crucial role in estimating gestational age (GA) and monitoring fetal growth. Traditionally, parameters like biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), and abdominal circumference (AC) have been widely used. However, transcerebellar diameter (TCD) is emerging as a more reliable marker , especially in cases of abnormal growth patterns. But is TCD truly superior for fetal dating? Let’s explore the science behind it. Why TCD is a Reliable Marker for Gestational Age TCD measures the width of the cerebellum in the posterior fossa of the fetal brain. Studies have shown that cerebellar growth follows a linear pattern throughout pregnancy, making it a consistent and reliable marker for dating pregnancies. Key Advantages of TCD for Gestational Age Estimation 1. Less Affected by Fetal Growth Abnormalities Traditional measurements like AC and FL can be significantly affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), skeletal dysplasias, or macro...

Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma (PCMC) is an exceptionally rare malignant tumor originating from the skin's sweat glands. First identified by Lennox et al. in 1952, PCMC has seen approximately 215 documented cases in medical literature since then. Epidemiology and Demographics PCMC predominantly affects individuals between the ages of 50 and 70, with a slight male predominance. The tumor most commonly arises in the head and neck region, particularly the eyelids, accounting for about 41% of cases. Other affected areas include the scalp (17%), face (14%), axilla (9%), chest and abdomen (7%), vulva (4%), neck (2%), extremities (2%), canthus (2%), groin (1%), and ear (1%). Geographically, PCMC has a higher prevalence among white individuals (77.2%) compared to Asians (12.7%) and African Americans (10.1%). However, a population-based study analyzing data from 1972 to 2013 identified 411 cases of PCMC, suggesting that the incidence may be higher than previously recognized. ...

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a common yet often misunderstood condition that affects millions of men worldwide. It refers to the inability to achieve or maintain an erection suitable for sexual intercourse . While it can be a source of distress and embarrassment, understanding its causes, effects, and available treatments can help those affected seek appropriate help and improve their quality of life. Causes of Erectile Dysfunction 1. Physical Causes: Erectile dysfunction is frequently linked to physical health problems that impede blood flow, nerve function, or hormonal balance. Cardiovascular Diseases: Conditions like atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries), high blood pressure, and high cholesterol can restrict blood flow to the penis, making it difficult to achieve an erection. Diabetes: This condition can damage nerves and blood vessels, leading to impaired erectile function. Obesity: Excessive weight can contribute to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, both of which are...

The prostate gland is a vital component of the male reproductive system, responsible for producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. While its primary role is related to reproduction, prostate health is closely linked to a man’s sexual function, including sex drive or libido. In this blog post, we’ll explore how various prostate conditions can impact sexual health and what can be done to maintain optimal prostate function. How Prostate Health Influences Sex Drive 1. Prostatitis (Inflammation of the Prostate) Prostatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the prostate gland. It can cause symptoms like pelvic pain, painful urination, and discomfort during ejaculation. Chronic prostatitis can also lead to fatigue, depression, and anxiety, which may lower a man's interest in sexual activity. Managing prostatitis with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and lifestyle changes can help improve both prostate health and sex drive. 2. Ben...

Polygasmia is a term used to describe the ability to achieve multiple orgasms during a single sexual encounter . While orgasms are typically viewed as the peak of sexual pleasure, individuals with polygasmia experience them repeatedly, often with little to no refractory period. This phenomenon, though rare, has attracted interest in both medical and psychological fields, as it sheds light on the diversity of human sexual response. In this post, we will delve into the causes, benefits, challenges, and health implications of polygasmia, with a particular focus on its effect on zinc levels in the body and the overall impact of depleted zinc. Causes of Polygasmia Polygasmia can be influenced by several factors, including: 1. Heightened Sexual Sensitivity: Increased sensitivity of erogenous zones can contribute to multiple orgasms. 2. Hormonal Balance : Elevated levels of oxytocin, dopamine, and endorphins during sexual activity may enhance orgasmic capacity. 3. Psychological Factors: A re...

The prostate gland plays a crucial role in male reproductive health , producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Understanding common prostate pathologies and the diagnostic examinations used is essential for timely detection and management. Common Prostate Pathologies 1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Definition: BPH is the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in aging men. Symptoms: Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia) Difficulty starting or stopping urination Weak urine stream or dribbling 2. Prostatitis Definition: Inflammation of the prostate gland due to infection or other causes. Types: Acute bacterial prostatitis (sudden and severe) Chronic bacterial prostatitis (recurrent infection) Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (non-bacterial) Symptoms: Painful urination and ejaculation Pelvic or lower back pain Flu-like symptoms in acute cases 3. Prostate Cancer Definition: A malignant tumor that develops in the prost...

As men age, they may notice changes in their urine flow , particularly in how far the stream travels. This change often occurs due to natural aging and potential issues with the prostate gland. Let’s explore why this happens and highlight three major prostate pathologies. Why Urine Flow Weakens with Age In younger men, the prostate gland is typically small, allowing urine to flow freely from the bladder through the urethra. As men age, the prostate can enlarge, causing the urethra to narrow and restrict urine flow. This results in a weaker urine stream and sometimes difficulty starting or stopping the flow. Three Major Prostate Pathologies 1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) What It Is: A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. Symptoms: Frequent urination, especially at night, weak urine stream, and the feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. Management: Lifestyle changes, medications, and in severe cases, surgery. 2. Prostatitis What It Is: Inflammation of the prostat...

27 years old male complain of bleed through penis since he was 9 years old. A rare case of ambiguous genitalia discovered during Ultrasound examination. The patient was discovered to have both ovaries and uterus even though he has only male external genitalia. The coexistence of a male phallus and a uterus in one individual is a rare form of ambiguous genitalia, often linked to disorders of sex development (DSDs). This condition can result from atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or hormonal development during fetal growth. Possible Causes: 1. Ovotesticular DSD (True Hermaphroditism): Individuals have both ovarian and testicular tissue, which may produce a mix of male and female reproductive structures. 2. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS): Partial AIS can cause ambiguous genitalia due to incomplete masculinization. 3. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH): This can lead to ambiguous genitalia due to excessive androgen production. 4. Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS): Genetic mal...