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Fetal diarrhoea

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Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare, genetically inherited disorder characterized by chronic, life-threatening watery diarrhea due to excessive chloride loss in stools. It follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, meaning both parents must be carriers of the defective gene for the condition to manifest in their child. While CCD is found worldwide, it has a higher prevalence in Finland and the Middle East. The condition was first described in 1945 by Gamble et al. and Darrow. More recent genetic studies have precisely located the responsible gene, SLC26A3, on chromosome 7. Meconium stained amniotic fluid Prenatal Indicators and Diagnosis Most affected infants are born preterm. Antenatal ultrasound findings typically include polyhydramnios and significant dilation of fetal intestinal loops, indicating abnormal fetal gastrointestinal function. Postnatally, CCD presents with severe abdominal distension, profuse watery diarrhea, and failure to th...
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Fetal meconium peritonitis

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Fetal meconium peritonitis (MP) is a rare condition characterized by inflammation of the fetal abdominal cavity due to the leakage of meconium—the fetus's first intestinal discharge—into the peritoneal cavity. This leakage typically results from an intrauterine bowel perforation. While MP occurs infrequently, understanding its clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and potential outcomes is crucial for expectant parents and healthcare providers. Causes and Pathophysiology The primary cause of MP is fetal bowel perforation, which can result from several underlying conditions: Bowel Obstruction: Congenital obstructions, such as intestinal atresia or stenosis, can lead to increased intraluminal pressure and subsequent perforation. Meconium Ileus: Often associated with cystic fibrosis, thickened meconium can obstruct the bowel, leading to perforation and peritonitis. Infections: Intrauterine infections may weaken the bowel wall, increasing the risk of perforation. Once meconium l...
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Location: Nigeria
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Ultrasound Preparation Guide: What You Need to Know Before Your Scan

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Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that helps in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. While most ultrasound procedures do not require advanced preparation, some specific exams need certain guidelines to ensure accurate results. If your doctor has given you an order for an ultrasound, please bring it along to your appointment. Below is a detailed guide on how to prepare for different types of ultrasound exams. Abdominal Ultrasound & Abdominal Doppler Ultrasound (Includes Liver, Spleen, Gallbladder, Kidneys, Pancreas, Abdominal Aorta, Biliary System) ⏳ Exam Duration: 30 minutes | ⏰ Total Visit Time: About 1.5 hours Preparation: ✅ Adults: Do not eat or drink anything for 8 hours before the exam. ✅ Children: No food or drinks for 4 hours before the exam or skip one meal. ✅ Medications: You may take your medication with a small sip of water. ✅ Diabetic Patients: If you take insulin, continue as prescribed unless instructed otherwise by your doc...
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Location: Nigeria
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Common Renal Pathologies and Structural Anomalies

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This live coaching session provided an in-depth discussion on common renal stones, structural anomalies, and renal function, with a strong clinical and sonographic focus. The lecture explored: Common Renal Stones: Causes, risk factors, and types (calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones). Clinical presentations and ultrasound features were highlighted to aid diagnosis. Structural Anomalies: Congenital and acquired renal anomalies, including horseshoe kidney, duplex system, ectopic kidney, and renal agenesis, with their impact on function and imaging appearance. Renal Function & Imaging: How renal function is assessed through ultrasound, including hydronephrosis grading, resistive index measurements, and correlation with clinical findings. The session provided explicit sonographic demonstrations, real-case scenarios, and diagnostic approaches to enhance practical understanding.  This recorded live lecture will help your understanding of renal pathologies...
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Paracetamol Poisoning

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Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most commonly used over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers worldwide. However, excessive consumption can lead to paracetamol poisoning , which is a major cause of acute liver failure. While most people use paracetamol safely, some individuals misuse it due to addictive tendencies, self-medication, or suicidal intent. Surprisingly, some people also use paracetamol in food tenderization, a controversial practice with potential health risks. In this article, we explore the causes, effects, risks of addiction, abusive tendencies, and food-related uses of paracetamol. Causes of Paracetamol Poisoning Paracetamol poisoning occurs when a person consumes more than the recommended daily dose . The standard safe dose for adults is up to 4,000 mg per day, but exceeding this limit can be dangerous. The main causes include: Overdose: Accidental or intentional ingestion of excessive amounts. Chronic Use: Long-term consumption at slightly higher-tha...
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Why Breasts Ultrasound is the Preferred Choice for Women Under 35?

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Breast cancer screening is an essential part of women's healthcare, but the imaging method used varies depending on age and breast tissue composition. Women under 35 are often advised to undergo ultrasound instead of mammography for breast evaluations. Why is that? Let’s break it down. Understanding Breast Tissue & Imaging Approaches Breast tissue composition changes with age, hormones, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy and lactation. This affects how imaging techniques like ultrasound and mammography detect abnormalities. Breast Tissue Types & Best Imaging Modality 1️⃣ Mostly Glandular (Young Women, <35 years) ✅ Best assessed with ultrasound because glandular tissue is dense, making mammography less effective. Dense breast tissue can obscure abnormalities in mammograms, making it harder to detect issues like tumors. 2️⃣ Mixed Glandular & Fatty (Transition Phase, 35+ years) ✅ Requires both mammography & ultrasound for better detection. As women age, ...
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Location: Nigeria
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Twin Pregnancy with Theca Lutein Cysts: Causes, Risks & Management

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Twin pregnancies present unique physiological and clinical challenges, particularly when they involve a monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) placentation and maternal ovarian changes such as bilateral theca lutein cysts (TLCs). MCDA twins share a single placenta but have two separate amniotic sacs. This type of twinning arises due to a single fertilized egg splitting between 4–8 days post-fertilization. When coupled with the development of theca lutein cysts, it raises concerns about maternal and fetal well-being. Understanding Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Pregnancy MCDA twin pregnancies account for approximately 70% of all monozygotic (identical) twin pregnancies. The shared placenta predisposes these pregnancies to several complications, including: Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) – An imbalance in blood flow between the twins. Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS) – Chronic, slow transfusion from one twin to the other. Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction (sIUGR) – Une...
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Cervical Dilation in Childbirth

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Cervical dilation is a crucial process during labor, allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal. It refers to the gradual opening of the cervix, measured in centimeters, from 0 cm (closed) to 10 cm (fully dilated). Understanding this process can help expectant mothers and healthcare professionals anticipate the stages of labor and prepare for delivery. Stages of Cervical Dilation Cervical dilation occurs in three main stages: 1. Early Labor (0-4 cm) The cervix begins to soften and thin out (effacement). Mild, irregular contractions start. This phase can last several hours or even days. Expectant mothers may experience a mucus plug discharge. 2. Active Labor (4-7 cm) Contractions become stronger, longer, and more frequent. The cervix dilates more rapidly. This phase usually lasts between 4 to 8 hours. Women may feel increased pressure and discomfort. 3. Transition Phase (7-10 cm) The most intense stage of labor. Contractions peak in intensity and frequency. The cervix reach...
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Location: Nigeria
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Posterior Cervical Rupture: A Case Study

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Posterior cervical rupture is a rare but serious gynecological condition characterized by a tear in the posterior wall of the cervix, potentially extending into extra-uterine spaces. This condition can lead to significant complications if not promptly diagnosed and managed. Case Study Overview Ultrasound video shows a 38-year-old female presenting with a one-year history of dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). She underwent a tubectomy (tubal ligation) two years prior and reports experiencing vaginal bleeding episodes three to four times monthly. Potential Etiologies While posterior cervical rupture is uncommon, several factors could contribute to its development: 1. Surgical History: Previous gynecological surgeries , such as tubal ligation, might predispose patients to cervical or uterine complications. However, studies have shown that tubal sterilization generally does not have long-term effects on menstrual indices or pelvic pain . 2. Menstrual Irregularities Post-Tubal Ligatio...
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Location: Nigeria
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Hepatic Pregnancy: A Rare Form of Ectopic Pregnancy

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A few days ago, a colleague shared a video of a real-time pregnancy developing in the liver, and I was in complete disbelief. This is an extremely rare form of ectopic pregnancy, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 8,000 births. While abdominal pregnancies are already uncommon, hepatic pregnancies—where the embryo implants in the liver—are even more exceptional. Recent Case in Namibia A recently reported case in Namibia has reignited discussions in the medical community about this rare phenomenon. The video evidence highlights the complexity of hepatic pregnancies and the significant challenges in their management. Understanding Hepatic Pregnancy Hepatic pregnancy falls under the broader category of abdominal pregnancies, which account for approximately 1.4% of all ectopic pregnancies. Most abdominal pregnancies implant in the pelvis, but in extremely rare cases, implantation occurs in the upper abdomen, particularly in the liver. Case Study from the Literature A documented case publi...
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Location: Nigeria
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